HOW DO I LOVE THEE???

HOW DO I LOVE THEE???
 by ELIZABETH BARRATE BROWNING.
INTRO.......
 

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight I love thee to the level of every day’s For the ends of being and ideal grace. Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee freely, as men strive for right. I love thee with the passion put to use With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose I shall but love thee better after death. Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death. My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight I love thee to the level of every day’s For the ends of being and ideal grace. Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. I love thee freely, as men strive for right. I love thee with the passion put to use With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith. I love thee with a love I seemed to lose I shall but love thee better after death. Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.

 

Do you know that first line? Today I read that Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s sonnets have some of the most recognizable first lines in the English language. This week I decided to add some Valentine’s Day appopriate study – Victorian love poetry.  Do you have a favorite Victorian love poem? Victorian poetry, or even Victorian sonnets, is a wide topic, surely too much to study properly in one week.  To narrow the field somewhat and make the best use of my time, while still being a bit indulgent, my focus will be on Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning. Theirs is a love story in verse if ever there was one.

 Having an actual love story, with a courtship conducted in their verse, to contemplate on Valentine’s Day is nice timing but it also helps me in a few other ways. There is a feminist vein to mine with Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s work, study of two authors, a potential postcolonial reading and racial themes to consider, and the legacy of the Romantic period to contemplate.  And the Browning’s texts cover a wide arc of time across the Victorian era, which is useful for historical reference and context. Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote one of my favorite sonnet collections, ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese.’ It will be wonderful to spend a week reading them over and over.  But I will have to read more than just one of her texts, or even a group of sonnets, so I will also read ‘Aurora Leigh.’  Aurora Leigh is not a love poem, but it is very interesting considering Mrs. Browning’s biography.

Browning portrays Robert as her redeemer, her savior from past griefs. She writes “I love thee with the passion, put to use/In my old griefs”, suggesting her sorrows of growing up – her mother and favourite brother dying – have been forgotten, or at least numbed, by her love founded in Robert. She would have grieved immensely when she lost her family, yet the intensity of her anguish and sorrow has been transferred to Robert. She emphasises the intensity has been “put to use”, it has not been wasted and has been put into the love in her relationship with Robert. She is also conveying that the passion with which she loves Robert is like that only reserved for the grieving of the loss of loved ones. She again furthers this idea when she goes on to say “I love thee with the love I seemed to lose/With my lost Saints”. In this line, she is saying that she has recovered from the grievances of her mother and brother .Her love for Robert has been replaced with the love she once bore for her “lost saints.”
Browning also suggests that Robert is the new focus of her intensity that was concentrated on her religious beliefs as a child; she used to be greatly religious when she was younger. Thus, she states she loves him “with my childhood’s faith”. She is suggesting her love for Robert is as strong as her faith was in religion as a child. She compares her love to Robert as that of religion – unquestioning, innocent and followed with blind faith. She is also stating that her religious beliefs as a child would have been unchangeable. Thus, her love for Robert is not going to change, even in the face of despair and disaster. When she talks about her “lost Saints” she is talking about her waywardness in religion. So Browning is suggesting that her love with Robert has revived her and has made her believe in religion and all things holy again. This point can be furthered when she surrenders to the will of God, “If God choose”. It is as if she is making up with God and seeing the way of religion  again. She suggests that this is because Robert has resurrected her belief in religion, as if her love is so unbelievably good there must be a God – to give Browning such a miracle as great as Robert.
In Sonnet 43 by Elizabeth Browning, she conveys her love for her future husband Robert Browning by saying it is immeasurable and unbounded; through the suggestion that the reaches of her soul are infinite, therefore, so is her love for Robert. Moreover, she says Robert is her redeemer form past ills and that she has recovered from the losses of her mother and brother because of this. Finally, Browning suggests the focus she put on religion as a child is now put into their relationship.

WORK SITED ...
 https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/elizabeth-barrett-browning

http://litteraturlyst.blogspot.in/2016/02/how-do-i-love-thee-af-elizabeth-barrett.html

FRANKENSTEIN AS GOTHIC SCIENCE FICTION ......... GROUP WORK ..........(TASK)

FRANKENSTEIN AS GOTHIC SCIENCE FICTION ......... GROUP WORK ..........(TASK)

Romantic Literature from NIYATI PATHAK





WORK BY  ...... ..........


NIYATI PATHAK 
KAVITABA GOHIL
JAGRUTI VASANI 



introduction..........
"I busied myself to think of a story, . . . One which would speak to the mysterious fears of our nature and awaken thrilling horror". 

                                                                                            —Mary Shelley

 Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a grotesque but sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. 

Frankensteinin is infused with elements of the Gothic novel  and the Romantic movement.

  Definition of Gothic fiction

         Gothic fiction is a type of novel or romance popular in the late 18th and early 19th c. The word ‘gothic’ had come to mean ‘wild’, ‘barbarous’ and ‘crude’. The plots hinged on suspense and mystery, involving the fantastic and the supernatural.

 
Science Fiction :-

       This is where it gets interesting: Frankenstein is often considered the first work of science fiction. What's key is that the science isn't just window-dressing: the whole point of the novel is to explore heavy questions about What It All Means, where "It" can be loosely translated as "science, fate, free will, nature, and humanity."

 Gothic science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction  that, as the name suggests, also involves gothic conventions. The connection between Gothic and Science Fiction is far from being a new discovery. There is however something to be said about returning to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein to fully appreciate the complexity of this genesis, this beginning of a genre loosely termed as Gothic Science Fiction. As an established Gothic text Frankenstein is also considered by many as the beginning Science Fiction. Mary Shelley, in Frankenstein redefines and re-establishes, conflates and mutates aspects and expectations of Romanticism as well as the Gothic to create her “hideous progeny”, in much the same way as Victor does in the creation of his monster; through piecing together fragmented and often strangely opposing elements, from the enlightened knowledge of his science and pieces of dead flesh from the graveyard.




THANK YOU.........

 

Neo classical age...

Neo classical age or Augusten age ....

Introduction.........


      The neoclassical period extends from late 16th century to 17thcentury. This period is also known as restoration period. The period is marked by the tremendous change in social order. They believed that social needs are more important than individual needs (“Main characteristics of literary periods”, n. d).  The drive towards the acquisition and spread of knowledge was so powerful, hence the epoch is often called the Enlightenment and this influenced the literature. The literature was considered primarily as a means of education, becoming mostly didactic and moral. There was a believed that reason was the primary basis of authority and era is also referred as age of reason (“Introductory Lecture on the Neoclassical Period in English Literature”, n. d). With improved trade, commerce and literacy people started selling their ideas. Ancient Greek and Roman text, art and literature was referred and revisited influencing the way they write, act and think. Thus Neoclassicism was, in a sense, a revival of classical taste, but it was not identical to Classicism. “Neoclassical literature was defined by common sense, order, accuracy, and structure” (“Neoclassical Literature: Its Characteristics and Famous Examples”, n. d para 6). Literary work that came during this period include parody, fables, melodrama, rhyming with couplets, satire, letters, diaries, novels, and essays. Grammar and etymology are emphasized more (Neoclassical Literature: Its Characteristics and Famous Examples, n. d).  Gale (2009) mentions that in the poetry, the classical forms of the heroic couplet and the ode became popular. There was a rise of ballad and sentimental poetry and poems were realistic and satirical. In poems there was no mention of spiritual bias, moral highness, or philosophy and that is trademark of the Restoration Era. No spontaneous idea can be put into poem. Comedy and tragedy are two genre of drama that was prevalent in that era (Gale, 2009). Novel of sensibility, particularly the work of Horace Walpole and Ann Radcliffe, appeared during the era. In short neoclassical era is perhaps best characterized by the key notions of imitation, rationalism, and convention. Ben Johnson, John Milton, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Voltaire and others are examples of neo-classical writers. Milton, author of "Paradise Lost," is sometimes cited as the most influential neoclassical writer. Absalom and Achitophelare great poems written by John Dryden. Tragedy “Aurangzeb” and“All for Love” were also his work. Alexander Pope wrote satirical poem “Dunciad” and “The Rape of the Lock”.



Modernism

     Modern literature fiction writing was very popular approximately from the 1910s to 1960s (“What are characteristics of Modernist literature”, n. d). “Modernism” (2010) informs, “The period is marked by sudden and unexpected breaks with the traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world” (para 1).  There was strong reaction against religious, political and social views. There was a belief that world is created in the way people perceived, so world is what we say it is (“What is Modernism?”, n.d). It is the period of experiment or innovation. Modern literature is mainly preoccupied by the inner self and consciousness (Modernism, 2010) People in this era started to questions on sets of ideologies as there was social unrest “(What are characteristics of Modernist literature, fiction in particular”, n.d). Too much of destruction, hopelessness, chaos, fear, terror and inhuman acts and effects produced by World Wars, movements and revolutions gave cultural shocks putting humanity into question. “Instead of progress, the Modernist writer saw a decline of civilization. Instead of new technology, the Modernist writer saw cold machinery and increased capitalism, which alienated the individual and led to loneliness” (“What are characteristics of Modernist literature, fiction in particular? n.d, para 2). People found absence of connection with history or institution which gives experience of alienation, loss, and despair. Stagnant economic condition has led to uncertain future and lives. Modern literature studies about those happenings and lost meaning of life. Unlike preceding periods where heroism, faith and supernaturalism played predominant role in literature modernism focused on realism, futurism, symbolism, imagination and naturalism. Technical device used by modern writers are; it was open ended (epiphany), it was fragmented (no clear form, structure, plot, characteristics) and modern writing has more of stream of consciousness used (“What are characteristics of Modernist literature, fiction in particular?”, n.d)). Irony, satire, and comparisons were often strongly employed in the literature. Metaphor, hyperbole and similes are used. Forms of drama presented in modern period are realism, naturalism, absurd and expressionism. Play within play is incorporated in Expressionism. During the era there was end of censorship and people explored on different subjects like political, religious, sex and gay. AIDS broke down becoming subjects of play (misery of marginalized). And subject of writing changed. Characters were machine or inanimate object instead of human (What are characteristics of Modernist literature, fiction in particular? n.d). Modern writers are willing to experiment with new forms and writings. There was allusion in modern writing. They tried to see the world from as many points of view as possible at the same time.Some of the famous Modernist writers include Samuel Beckett, James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, T.S. Eliot, William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, D.H. Lawrence and others (“What are characteristics of Modernist literature, fiction in particular?”, n.d). In 1922 James Joyce wrote famous “Ulysses” and Daniel Defoe wrote “Robinson Crusoe”. T.S Eliot was also famous for his work, “The Waste Land”. “The Light House”of Virginia Woolf is example of modernist novel.


The Metaphysical Movement

       Metaphysical is a term used for poetry (poems) written by group of poets of 17th century and those poets used similar poetic techniques (Obermeier n.d). It is not type of poetry but movement. Naeem (2010) noted that poetry during metaphysical period was intellectual, analytical, psychological and bold. Popular themes include death, love, human frailty and religious devotion. Poets of the era are said to have gone against the poets of Elizabethan era (Naeem, 2010). Poems are much more realistic. Poetry of age is famous for its difficulty and obscurity. There were formal tendencies to talk about deep philosophical issues. There was use of abstruse terminology often drawn from science or law making it difficult to understand. With, irony, and paradox are paramount. Poems are often presented in an argument form. Poems are of two types: love poetry and religious poetry. In love poetry, metaphysical poets draw ideas form Renaissance Net-Platonism showing relationship between the soul and body and body and union of love’s souls (Connor, n.d). Poems would have unified sensibility. Religious poetry got influence from religious hymns and sermon of Donne (Naeem, 2010).

       Firstly poets during metaphysical movement used ordinary speech mixed with puns, paradoxes and conceits (Dr. Connor, n.d). Reader usually is given one idea or held in one line of argument. Dr. Obermeier (n.d) says in metaphysical poetry there are use of colloquial and homely language, conversational idiom; strong line; dramatic mode (use of apostrophe; poems become monologues or dialogues, prayers). Poems are less beautiful and magical but contain tricky style and strange images (Elizabethan poetry, n.d). Reader must both feel and think on or after reading. The metaphysical style was started by John Donne (a lawyer and priest), early in the 17th Century followed by other poets such as Crashaw, Cowley, George Herbert. Henry Vaughan, Andrew Marvell, Marvell, Edward Taylor, Richard Crashaw and others. Donne influenced most of the metaphysical poets (Albert, 1979). One of the poems written by Donne was “Woman’s constancy”. ‘The Mistress” was Abraham Cowley’s masterpiece (“Metaphysical Poets”, n.d).
Characteristics of Neoclassical Literature

Neoclassical literature is characterized by order, accuracy, and structure. In direct opposition to Renaissance attitudes, where man was seen as basically good, the neoclassical writers portrayed man as inherently flawed. They emphasized restraint, self-control, and common sense. This was a time whenconservatism flourished in both politics and literature.

Some popular types of literature included:

An Age of prose

Essays

Satire

Letters

Fables

Melodrama, and

Rhyming with couplets



Ø An Age of prose:-


In every preceding age we have noted especially the poetical works, which constitute, according to Matthew Arnold, the glory of English literature. Now for the first time we must chronicle the triumph of English prose. A multitude of practical interests arising from the new social and political conditions demanded expression, not simply in books, but more especially in pamphlets, magazines, and newspapers. Poetry was inadequate for such a task; hence the development of prose, of the "unfettered word," as Dante calls it,--a development which astonishes us by its rapidity and excellence. The graceful elegance of Addison's essays, the

Terse vigor of Swift's satires, the artistic finish of Fielding's novels, the sonorous of Gibbon's history and of Burke's orations,--these have no parallel in the poetry of the age. Indeed, poetry itself became prosaic in this respect, that it was used not for creative works of imagination, but for essays, for satire, for criticism,--for exactly the same practical ends as was prose. The poetry of the first half of the century, as typified in the work of Pope, is polished and witty enough, but artificial; it lacks fire, fine feeling, and enthusiasm, the glow of the Elizabethan Age and the moral earnestness of Puritanism. In a word, it interests us as a study of life, rather than delights or inspires us by its appeal to the imagination. The variety and excellence of prose works, and the development of a serviceable prose style, which had been begun by

Dryden, until it served to express clearly every human interest andEmotion,--these are the chief literary glories of the eighteenth century.

Ø Satire:-

In the literature of the preceding age we noted two marked tendencies,--the tendency to realism in subject-matter, and the tendency to polish and refinement of expression. Both these tendencies were continued in the Augustan Age, and are seen clearly in the poetry of Pope, who brought the couplet to perfection, and in the prose of Addison. A third tendency is shown in the prevalence of satire, resulting from the unfortunate union of politics with literature. We have already noted the power of the press in this age, and the perpetual strife of political parties. Nearly every writer of the first half of the century was used and rewarded by Whigs or

Tories for satirizing their enemies and for advancing their special political interests. Pope was a marked exception, but he nevertheless followed the prose writers in using satire too largely in his poetry. Now satire--that is, a literary work which searches out the faults of men or institutions in order to hold them up to ridicule--is at best a destructive kind of criticism. A satirist is like a laborer who clears away the ruins and rubbish of an old house before the architect and builders begin on a new and beautiful structure. The work may sometimes be necessary, but it rarely arouses our enthusiasm. While the satires of Pope, Swift, and Addison are doubtless the best in our language, we hardly place them with our great literature, which is always constructive in spirit; and we have the feeling that all these men were capable of better things than they ever wrote.

Ø THE CLASSIC AGE:-

 The period we are studying is known to us by various names. It is often called the Age of Queen Anne; but, unlike Elizabeth, this "meekly stupid" queen had practically no influence upon our literature. The name Classic Age is more often heard; but in using it we should remember clearly these three different ways in which the word "classic" is applied to literature: (1) the term "classic" refers, in

General, to writers of the highest rank in any nation. As used in our literature, it was first applied to the works of the great Greek and Roman writers, like Homer and Virgil; and any English book which followed the simple and noble method of these writers was said to have a classic style. Later the term was enlarged to cover the great literary works of other ancient nations; so that the Bible and the Avestas, as well as the Iliad and the Adenoid, are called classics. (2) Every national literature has at least one period in which an unusual number of great writers are producing Books and this is called the classic period of a nation's literature. Thus the reign of Augustus is the classic or golden age of Rome; the generation of Dante is the classic age of Italian literature; the age of Louis XIV is the French classic age; and the age of Queen Anne is often called the classic age of England. (3) The word "classic" acquired an entirely different meaning in the period we are studying; and we shall better understand this by reference to the preceding ages. The Elizabethan writers were led by patriotism, by enthusiasm, and, in general, by romantic emotions. They wrote in a natural style, without regard to rules; and

Though they exaggerated and used too many words, their works are delightful because of their vigor and freshness and fine feeling. In the following age patriotism had largely disappeared from politics and enthusiasm from literature.



Work sited ....

https://study.com/academy/lesson/neoclassical-literature-definition-characteristics-movement.html

W.J.Long .History of ENGLISH literature .

To be continue.............😊.... Stay here ....

Romantic age ......

Introduction....

The period from 1798 to 1824 is termed as ‘The Romantic Age’ of English Literature. In this period the writing was mostly poetry. A revolution was taking place in poetic language and its themes. Previously the head controlled the heart, now the heart controlled the head; for the previous poets feelings and imagination were dangerous, but for the Romantics reason and the intellect were dangerous.


The romantic period is the most fruitful period in the history of English literature. The revolt against the classical school which had been started by writers like Chatterton, Collins, Gray, Burne, Cowper etc. reached its climax during this period and some of the greatest and most popular English poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, and Keats belong to this period.


To have knowledge of the trends and characteristics of this age we are to discuss some of its prominent and representative figures.


THE FIRST ROMANTIC GENERATION


These were Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey, Scott, etc. who belong to this generation. But they can be further divided into two groups.


1.   THE LAKE POETS


The Lake Poets formed a school in the sense that they worked in close co-operation, and their lives were spent partly in the Lake District. Among these poets Wordsworth and Coleridge are quite prominent.


William Wordsworth


1. Wordsworth chose the language of the common people as the vehicle of his poetry. This was the first point of attack on the artificial and formal style of classical school of poetry.


2. The other point at which Wordsworth attacked the old school was its insistence on the town and artificial way of life which prevailed there. He wanted the poet to breathe fresh air of the hills and beautiful natural scenes and become interested in rural life and the simple folk living in the lap of nature. In his words


                                    One impulse from a vernal wood

                                    May teach you more of man

                                    Of moral evil and of good

                                    Than all the sages can.


S. T. Coleridge


Wordsworth’s naturalism and Coleridge’s supernaturalism became the two important spearhead of the Romantic Movement. Coleridge’s supernaturalism established the connection between the visible world and the other world which is unseen. He treated the supernatural in his masterly poem ‘The Ancient Mariner’ in such a manner that it looked quite natural.


2.   THE SCOTT GROUP


The poets belonging to this group are Sir Walter Scott, Cambell, and Thomas Moore. Scott was the first to make romantic poetry popular among the masses. Most of his poems recapture the middle ages and breathe an air of supernaturalism and superstitions. Thomas Cambell and Thomas Moore were prominent among a host of minor poets who were followers of Sir Walter Scott.


THE SECOND GENERATION


Byron, Shelley, Keats, Leigh Hunt, and Hazlitt etc. belong to second generation of the romantic poets, who came to forefront after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815.


The second generation came in conflict with the social environment with which their predecessors were in moral harmony.



Thus Romanticism in the second stage became a literature of social conflict. Both Byron and Shelley rebelled against society and had to leave England.


But basically the poets of the two generations of Romanticism shared the same literary beliefs and ideas. They were all innovators in the form as well as in the substance of their poetry.


Byron


Of all romantic poets Byron was the most egoistical in all his poems. He attached the greatest importance to his personality.


Of the romantic traits, he represented the revolutionary iconoclasm at its worst, and that is why he came in open conflict with the world around him.


P. B. Shelley


Whereas Byron was the greatest interpreter of revolutionary iconoclasm, Shelley was the revolutionary idealist, a prophet of hope and faith. He was a visionary who dreamed of the Golden Age.


            If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind.


Byron’s genius was destructive, Shelley’s was constructive. Byron’s motive impulse was pride, Shelley’s was love.


In the whole of English poetry there is no utterance as spontaneous as Shelley’s and no where does the thought flow with such irresistible melody.


John Keats


Of all the romantic poets, Keats was the pure romantic poet. He was not only the last but the most perfect of all Romantics. He was devoted to poetry and had no other interest.


          In ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ we see Keats’ love for Greek mythology and art. It is this ode which ends with the following unforgettable lines


                   Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty, that’s all

                        Ye know on earth and all ye need to know.


CONCLUSION


So having made this survey, we can summarize that Wordsworth’s naturalism, Coleridge’s supernaturalism, Scott’s medievalism, Byron’s iconoclasm, Shelley’s idealism, and Keats’ Hellenism brought a great revolution in English Literature. And this was the essence of Romanticism that literature must reflect all that is spontaneous and unaffected.


To be continued .... 😊 Stay here .........

Ode to Autumn........

Ode to Autumn ...



Intro...


John Keats "Ode To Autumn"


The Composition of "To Autumn"

Keats wrote "To Autumn" after enjoying a lovely autumn day; he described his experience in a letter to his friend Reynolds:


"How beautiful the season is now--How fine the air. A temperate sharpness about it. Really, without joking, chaste weather--Dian skies--I never lik'd stubble fields so much as now--Aye better than the chilly green of the spring. Somehow a stubble plain looks warm--in the same way that some pictures look warm--this struck me so much in my Sunday's walk that I composed upon it."



General Comments


This ode is a favorite with critics and poetry lovers alike. Harold Bloom calls it "one of the subtlest and most beautiful of all Keats's odes, and as close to perfect as any shorter poem in the English Language." Allen Tate agrees that it "is a very nearly perfect piece of style"; however, he goes on to comment, "it has little to say."

This ode deals with the some of the concerns presented in his other odes, but there are also significant differences. (1) There is no visionary dreamer or attempted flight from reality in this poem; in fact, there is no narrative voice or persona at all. The poem is grounded in the real world; the vivid, concrete imagery immerses the reader in the sights, feel, and sounds of autumn and its progression. (2) With its depiction of the progression of autumn, the poem is an unqualified celebration of process. (I am using the words process, flux, and change interchangeably in my discussion of Keats's poems.) Keats totally accepts the natural world, with its mixture of ripening, fulfillment, dying, and death. Each stanza integrates suggestions of its opposite or its predecessors, for they are inherent in autumn also.


Because this ode describes the process of fruition and decay in autumn, keep in mind the passage of time as you read it.




Summery of the ode...

Keats is a great poet of Romantic period. In his poem” Ode to Autumn” he describes the special qualities of the season like abundant fruitfulness, different activities of the farmers and music of the autumn season.

               The Poet says that the autumn season is full of mists and mellow fruitfulness.  It is a close friend of the Sun.  It conspires with the Sun to bless and load the trees with fruits. It fills the fruits with juice. The grapes, the apples, the gourds and hazel nuts are perfectly ripened in this season. It is also season for later flowers.  They attract bees.  The bees think that it is still summer because they gather much honey from the later flowers.  Their hives are over flowed with honey.

                The autumn is personified as a busy farmer.  He is seen sitting carelessly on the granary floor and whose hair is lifted by the winnowing wind.  Next he is seen as a reaper overcome by the strong smell of poppies and dozes in the field.  He is also seen as a gleaner carrying sheaves of corn on his head and crossing a brook carefully.  Finally he is seen sitting beside a cider-press and watching patiently the oozing out of the juice.

                 The autumn season has its own music.  The small gnats make sorrowful sounds.  The full-grown lambs bleat from distant hills.  The hedge crickets sing and the red breast whistles from the garden.  The swallows twitter in the Sky, as they are ready for migration. Thus the poet describes the features of the autumn season.

Themes
Season of Fruition


.......Autumn is the season of fruition. It yields the bounty that sustains life—grapes, apples, pumpkins, squash, nuts, and honey—and fills the granaries with the field harvest. Then, to the mournful sound of gnats riding the wind, the sun sets on the season and “gathering swallows twitter in the skies.”
.......People also bear fruit—children, poems, scientific and technological advancements. They teach, build, heal, entertain, and advocate for change; they give time and money.  And then they fall asleep on a furrow as “barrèd clouds bloom the soft-dying day  / And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue.”


Contentment


.......Because autumn is a season of fulfillment, when the fruits of labor abound, it is also a season of contentment. Personified autumn reflects this contentment when it sits, careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;
Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,
Drowsed with the fume of poppies (lines 14-16)

End Rhyme

.......The end rhyme of the first stanza is abab cde dcce. The end rhyme of the second and third stanzas is abab cde cdde.


Internal Rhyme


.......The poem also contains internal rhyme. Here are examples.


To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells (line 7)
Until they think warm days will never cease (line 10)
Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? (line 12)
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind (line 15)
Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep (line 16)
Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook (line 17)
And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep (line 19)

Meter

.......The meter of the poem is iambic pentameter, as the second line demonstrates.

Middlemarch.....

Introduction:

Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life, (1871–72 ) is considered to be George Eliot’s masterpiece. both a kind of paradigm of Victorian realist fiction and at the same time a challenge to many of it's conventions.

Background:

Middlemarch is subtitled “A Study of Provincial Life”, and indeed it captures the goings on of a fairly large cast of characters over the period of a couple of years in an unremarkable English town in the 1830s. Middlemarch touches on many of these issues: political reform, advancement in medical knowledge, the obligation of landowners to their tenants, education and the role of women in society.

Major Characters:

For better understanding see the video.....



Dorothea Brooke: Dorothea Brooke (later Dorothea Brooke Casaubon), the protagonist, wants to perform great acts for humanity.

Edward Casaubon: Edward Casaubon is a middle-aged clergyman who marries Dorothea and expects to write the Key to All Mythologies.

Will Ladislaw: Will Ladislaw, Edward Casaubon's cousin, falls in love with Dorothea and chooses public life as his vocation.

Tertius Lydgate: Tertius Lydgate is an exceptional doctor whose "spots of commonness" stymie his aspirations to be a leader in medicine.

Rosamund Vincy Lydgate: Rosamund Vincy Lydgate, a social climber, gets both more and less than she bargained for in marrying Tertius Lydgate.

Nicholas Bulstrode: Nicholas Bulstrode is an Evangelical banker who hides the dishonest deeds on which he built his success.

Camden Farebrother: Camden Farebrother is an empathetic clergyman and gifted preacher.

Arthur Brooke: Arthur Brooke is a shallow dilettante who briefly runs as a Reform candidate. He is Dorothea and Celia's uncle.

Harriet Vincy Bulstrode:Harriet Vincy Bulstrode is Walter Vincy's sister and Nicholas Bulstrode's wife.

Fred Vincy: Fred Vincy is the eldest son of Walter Vincy and expects to inherit a fortune. He is in love with Mary Garth.

Lucy Vincy: Lucy Vincy is Walter Vincy's wife and a shopkeeper's daughter.

Walter Vincy: Walter Vincy is a manufacturer with a large family and the mayor of Middlemarch.

Overview:

The story begins with the introduction of Dorothea the primary protagonist and her sister Celia Brooke. The orphaned sisters are in the care of their uncle, Mr. Brooke. Dorothea is pursued by Sir James Chettam, a handsome and wealthy baronet, but she rejects him in favor of the clergyman Edward Causabon, and so James marries Celia. She also becomes friends with his young cousin, Will Ladislaw, a student who has not yet found his career. Ladislaw soon falls in love with Dorothea, although he is content to worship her from afar. Nonetheless, Casaubon becomes extremely jealous. Dorothea is not aware of Ladislaw's feelings or the intensity of her husband's dislike for his cousin.

A secondary protagonist in the novel is Tertius Lydgate ,recently arrived in Middlemarch, and Rosamond Vincy, the mayor’s spoiled daughter. Both married each other in false impression. Rosamond wanted to live extravagant life like upper-class people where as Lydgate though was a doctor could not earn that much. As Lydgate's financial situation worsens, he discovers that his wife does not really love him and will never be more to him than an expensive and demanding ornament.

Rosamund's brother Fred gets into financial troubles by gambling. He expects to inherit his uncle Featherstone's money and land, but when the miser dies and leaves his property to his illegitimate son. The woman that he loves, Mary Garth, will not marry him if he takes up a vocation he is clearly not suited for, and she is waiting for him to become a responsible adult.

Mr. Bulstrode, an Evangelical Christian, banker, and the paternal uncle of Lydgate's wife. Bulstrode wields a lot of power and is resented by many for his harsh judgments about people's moral character. Ironically, Bulstrode is harboring a great secret: he made his first fortune by snatching the inheritance of the heirs of his first wife, now dead. John Raffles who is an alcoholic and a swindler, comes to town to torment him and to extort money for keeping quiet about his past.

At the final chapter deals what happens to all the major characters; Dorothea and Will Ladislaw try to stay away from each other because of Casaubon's codicil, but they cannot help but love each other. Against the objections of Dorothea's family they end up becoming engaged on the strength of her personal fortune. Lydgate eventually has to leave town with Rosamund and come to terms with the fact that he will never fulfill his potential. Bulstrode felt serious Ill and died. The town soon finds out about Bulstrode's disreputable past. Mary's father agrees to take Fred on as an apprentice to learn the business of land management, which affords Fred the opportunity of a profession. The story ends in one more marriage—between Fred Vincy and Mary Garth.

Ode to Nightingale.....

Poem ...

Analysis.....

Keats is in a state of uncomfortable drowsiness. Envy of the imagined happiness of the nightingale is not responsible for his condition; rather, it is a reaction to the happiness he has experienced through sharing in the happiness of the nightingale. The bird's happiness is conveyed in its singing.

Keats longs for a draught of wine which would take him out of himself and allow him to join his existence with that of the bird. The wine would put him in a state in which he would no longer be himself, aware that life is full of pain, that the young die, the old suffer, and that just to think about life brings sorrow and despair. But wine is not needed to enable him to escape. His imagination will serve just as well. As soon as he realizes this, he is, in spirit, lifted up above the trees and can see the moon and the stars even though where he is physically there is only a glimmering of light. He cannot see what flowers are growing around him, but from their odor and from his knowledge of what flowers should be in bloom at the time he can guess.

In the darkness he listens to the nightingale. Now, he feels, it would be a rich experience to die, "to cease upon the midnight with no pain" while the bird would continue to sing ecstatically. Many a time, he confesses, he has been "half in love with easeful Death." The nightingale is free from the human fate of having to die. The song of the nightingale that he is listening to was heard in ancient times by emperor and peasant. Perhaps even Ruth (whose story is told in the Old Testament) heard it.

"Forlorn," the last word of the preceding stanza, brings Keats in the concluding stanza back to consciousness of what he is and where he is. He cannot escape even with the help of the imagination. The singing of the bird grows fainter and dies away. The experience he has had seems so strange and confusing that he is not sure whether it was a vision or a daydream. He is even uncertain whether he is asleep or awake.

The Romantic Period: 1798–1832 It’s about more than a feeling…! - ppt download

The Romantic Period: 1798–1832 It’s about more than a feeling…! - ppt download

गणतंत्र दिवस......2018

आखिर हम क्यों मनाते है गणतंत्र दिवस. ??

दसअसल वर्ष 1929 में पं जवाहर लाल नेहरू जी की अध्‍यक्षा में भारतीय राष्‍ट्रीय कॉग्रेस का एक अधिवेशन हुआ और उसमें डोमिनियन स्टेटस यानि पूर्ण स्‍वराज को लेकर मॉग उठी लेकिन अंग्रेजों ने इसे मानने से इन्‍कार दिया और कहा भारत अभी डोमिनियन स्टेटस के लिए तैयार नहीं है तो नेहरू जी ने कहा कि अगर वर्ष 1930 के जनवरी माह के अंतिम रविवार तक अंग्रेजों ने देश को डोमिनियन स्टेटस घोषित नहीं किया तो भारत अपने आप को डोमिनियन स्टेटस घोषित कर देगा और यही हुआ देश ने 1930 के अंतिम रविवार को डोमिनियन स्टेटस घोषित कर दिया उस वर्ष जनवरी माह की अंतिम रविवार 26 तारीख को था इस दिन पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू जी ने रावि नदी के किनारे तिरंगा फहराया इसके साथ ही हमारा संविधान जो 26 नबम्‍वर 1949 में ही बनकर तैयार हो गया था उसे भी 26 जनवरी 1950 को 10:18 मिनट पर लागू किया गया तब से लेकर आज तक प्रत्‍येेेक वर्ष गणतंत्र दिवस 26 जनवरी को ही मनाया जाता है|

68 वर्ष पूर्व ब्रिटिश शासन से स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष के बाद भारतीय संविधान लागू हुआ। 1 9 47 में भारत को आजादी मिलने के बाद भारत में एक निश्चित या स्थायी संविधान नहीं था। इस दिन भारत के पहले राष्ट्रपति भारत के राष्ट्रपति डॉ राजेंद्र प्रसाद ने शपथ ली थी। इस दिन, तब से, हमारे लिए बहुत महत्व रखता है गणतंत्र दिवस की पूर्व संध्या भारत के राष्ट्रपति द्वारा बनाई गई एक भाषण से चिह्नित है और 26 जनवरी को नई दिल्ली में राजपत में एक भव्य परेड आयोजित किया जाता है।
एक 'गणतंत्र' भारत ब्रिटिश सरकार से स्वतंत्रता के लिए कुछ 200 साल का संघर्ष का परिणाम था। इस अवधि में कई उल्लेखनीय व्यक्तियों ने देखा जो स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन के लिए खड़े थे। इन स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों ने राष्ट्रवाद की भावना और प्रेरित देशभक्तिवाद को अपने सच्चे स्व में उखाड़ा।
आज आपको एक देश भक्त की गाथा सुनाना चाहती हु ....
मातृभूमि की रक्षा हेतु असंख्य विरो ने अपने जीवन की आहुति दी थी| इस देश को देश प्रेमियों ने अपनी धरती को स्वतंत्रता दिलाने के लिए स्वम् को न्योछावर कर दिया था| इन्ही देश प्रेमियों के त्याग और बलिदान के परिणाम में आज हमारा देश स्वतंत्र और गणतांत्रिक देश बना है.

13 अप्रैल 1919 को जलियाँवाला बाग की घटना ने भगत सिंह और उधम सिंह जैसे क्रांतिकारीयो को जन्म दिया था| उस घटना के दौरान जनरल डायर के नेतृत्व में ब्रिटिश फौज ने कई मासूम हिन्दुस्तानियों को मार डाला था.
इस घटना के बाद सभी हिन्दुस्तानियों का दिल आजादी पाने की आग में जलने लगा था| लोग अपनी जान की बलिदानी तक देश को देने को त्यार थे.26 जनवरी 1930 को स्वतंत्रता सेनानी और क्रांतिकारीयो ने यह शपथ ली थी की जब तक भारत स्वतंत्र नहीं हो जाता तब तक यह आंदोलन इसी तरह चलता रहेगा तथा 15 अगस्त 1947 को भारत देश को आजादी मिली और 26 जनवरी 1950 को भारत देश को लोकतान्त्रिक गणराज्य देश के रूप में घोषित किया गया.

सपनों का भारत

आज़ादी के साल हुए कई,

पर क्या हमने पाया है.

सोचा था क्या होगा लेकिन,

सामने पर क्या औया है.

रामराज्य-सा देश हो अपना

बापू का था सपना,

चाचा बोले आगे बढ़ कर

कर लो सब को अपना.

आज़ादी फिर छीने न अपनी

दिया शास्त्री ने नारा,

जय-जयकार किसान की अपनी

जय जवान हमारा.

सोचो इनके सपनों को हम

कैसे साकार करेंगे,

भ्रष्टाचार हटा देंगे हम

आगे तभी बढ़ेंगे.

मुश्किल नहीं पूरा करना

इन सपनों का भारत,

अपने अन्दर की शक्ति को

करो अगर तुम जाग्रत.

आओ मिलकर कसम ये खायें,

ऐसा सभी करेंगे,

शिक्षित हो अगर हर बच्चा,

उन्नति तभी हम करेंगे

इतनी सी बात हवाओं को बताये रखना,

रौशनी होगी चिरागों को जलाये रखना,

लहू देकर की है जिसकी हिफाजत हमने,

ऐसे तिरंगे को सदा अपने दिल में बसाये रखना||

माने भर में मिलते हैं आशिक कई,

मगर वतन से खूबसूरत कोई सनम नही होता,

नोटों में लिपट कर सोने में सिमटकर मरे हैं कई,

मगर तिरंगे से खूबसूरत कोई कफ़न नही होता||

वो शमा जो काम आये अंजुमन के लिए,

वो जज्बा जो कुर्बान हो जाये वतन के लिए,

रखते है हम वो हौसले भी जो मर मिटे हिंदुस्तान के लिए||

Emma.....

Introduction....


Emma, by Jane Austen, is a novel about youthful hubris and the perils of misconstrued romance and was the last of her six novels to be completed, written while she was in Chawton[2]. The story takes place in the fictional village of Highbury and the surrounding estates of Hartfield, Randalls, and Donwell Abbey and involves the relationships among individuals in those locations consisting of "3 or 4 families in a country village"[3]. The novel was first published in December 1815. As in her other novels, Austen explores the concerns and difficulties of genteel women living in Georgian–Regency England; she also creates a lively comedy of manners among her characters and depicts issues of marriage, gender, age, and social status.

Emma was written between January 1814 and March 1815. Emma Woodhouse is the imperfect, yet rather charismatic heroine of this novel.

Throughout the novel she dedicates her time to attempt matchmaking her friend, Harriet, even with firm discouragement from her good friend Mr Knightley. This serves to reveal how naïve and snobbish Emma is in her view of romance. She is very content in her life; she is pretty, intelligent and financially stable, consequently not perceiving any need for love. She has no mother and her father does not try to curb any of her behaviour’s; the only criticism she ever receives is from Mr Knightley. Over the span of the novel Emma’s attitudes change and she becomes less spoilt and softens to be more compassionate and aware of her social position and developing ability for kindness and love.

The novel begins with Emma and her father joining the wedding celebrations of Emma’s, governess, Miss Taylor, to Mr Weston. At the wedding Emma introduces herself to Harriet and here the matchmaking begins; she makes Harriet both a friend and a cause when she tries to pair her with the vicar, Mr Elton.

Emma paints a picture of Harriet under the view of Mr Elton and upon seeing it complete, he offers to have the picture framed which Emma believes is an indication of his feelings for Harriet. When Harriet receives a proposal from another man, Emma interferes and advises her to refuse him. Mr Knightley discovers this and lectures Emma for manipulating Harriet.

Upon leaving a party hosted by Mr and Mrs Weston, Mr Elton proposes to Emma, utterly shocking and alarming her. She realizes that his high opinion of the painting of Harriet was actually due to regard for the artist.

Emma and Harriet visit Miss Bates who has her niece saying with her, the beautiful Jane Fairfax. Emma is instantly envious of Jane. A few days later, Emma meets the son of Mr Weston, Frank Churchill, and finds him charming and fascinating. This is in bold contrast to Mr Knightley’s view of him. Frank reveals to Emma his suspicions that Jane Fairfax is having an affair with a married man. 


At a ball, Frank dances with Emma and Mr Knightley dances with Harriet, yet Emma can only view Frank as a potential suitor for Harriet. News travels that Frank’s rich aunt has died, making him the heir to her fortune. Mrs Weston tells Emma that Frank is engaged to Jane. Emma tells Harriet, assuming that she may be upset but Harriet informs her that she is not as she has developed feelings for Mr Knightley; this instantly makes Emma jealous and she realises that she in fact loves Mr Knightley.Emma and Mr Knightley have a confused conversation, both assuming that their love for each other is not returned, until he openly declares his love for her. Emma seeks Harriet to tell her the news and finds that Harriet is also recently engaged and very happy.

There have been a number of adaptations of Emma onto the big screen and 1996 saw the two more recent productions. For TV, Andrew Davies provided the script and the title role went to Kate Beckinsale. Based on a central theme of Emma being about how we can misjudge people based on appearance, Andrew Davies used this notion to create many witty scenes with numerous sequences of cross-purposes between characters. The same year, Douglas McGrath directed the highly acclaimed film starring Gwyneth Paltrow.

Theme .....


Marriage and social status

The confined nature of women's existance

The blinding power of imagination

Obstacles to expression.




Reference ......

Original book .(must refer for better understand)

https://study.com/academy/lesson/jane-austens-emma-summary-analysis-quiz.html#partialRegFormModal


http://educationcing.blogspot.in/2012/11/jane-austens-emma-themes.html

Age of CHAUSER.................

Introduction...

Chaucer belonged to the middle of the fourteenth century . And that was the latter past of the middle Ages . The designation of the dark ages for the period was then on the wane . Of course,calmities and upheavals were not all over . Periodic famines , after the Great famine and the dreadful Black Death , definitely affected much the quietude of the age . A good many people , particularly of the crowded towns , were killed by that deadlist epidemic black plague . As a result , he social state of the time was not all satisfactory . The curse of the fatal epidemic haunted all , rich and poor,and made life insecure everywhere . The political condition of the period was not all sound , too ,at that time . The hundred years'war , fought between England and France , still continued . That war , constituted of a series of conflicts , had two specific phases at this age . The Edwardian War (1337-1360) and the Caroline War (1369-1389).Of course , the English hold in France was in decline only to be completely washed away some years after by the emergence of Joan of arc.


 Moreover,after the glorious conquest of Edward,there came the troublesome reign of Richard II , which was an unfortunate time for the English nation . In the religious matters , the age had the bitter taste of some unfortunate controversy within the Church . The mighty authority of the Catholic Church had dissension within and resulted in the rise of Protestantism in the earliest form , that was a prelude to the separation between Catholicism and Lutheranism and a definitive end to the unified Church of the Middle Ages . But the happy indication was there that despotism and corruption of the Catholic Church would not continue much longer .


Nevertheless,all was not wrong in England . The social condition of England in particular immensely changed from what it had been during the couple of centuries after the Conquest . The arrogant victorious Normans did no more consider themselves foreigners . They were merged,under the stress of changing political situations,with the English nation . There was a strong awakening of national pride and confidence in the formation of one nation by the Normans and the English . Moreover , the economic condition , particularly of the peasantry definitely improved . with better production and higher prices , a healthier living could be possible for the much subdued and oppressed peasant class before the peasants'Revolt.


Moreover , there was the rise of the strong , royalty-based nation-state-the Kingdom of England.The King began to be more assertive , free from the undue intervention of the haughty peers.Of course , the royal oppression remained , but much more confined . indiscriminate tyranny by the greedy lords and their followers were curbed to a great ectent . The right of the commons began to push itself forward. Their power came to be counted . But,what was of greater interest was the flourish of literature in England,so much needed for the emergence of the Renaissance,soon to follow . The great awakening of English literature in the second half of the fourteenth century , was particularly due to a great master . He multiplicity of occupations endowed him with wide experiences . His great literature was the direct result of his unique and varied experiences of life as a page , esquire , diplomat , soldier , official and courtier and of his wide acquaintances with great foreign literary masters of France and Italy.


Indeed , in the developed of English literature, Chaucer is a great name . The gradual advancement of English literature , from the Old English period to the Middle English , reched the height of excellence, in the age of Chaucer by his literary magnificence . Chaucer's uniqueness and significance in English literature are particularly borne out in the very designation given to his age as the age of Chaucer.

The fourteenth century was a period of great political, social, religious and literary activity. Politically it was a period of the hundred year'swas which released and strengthened the feelings of national consciousness andpatriotism in England, people began to realize that they were English men and the idea of a holy empire evaporated from their thoughts, from the point of view it is called “The age of Chaucer”, the golden age of English poetry, the age produced five writers of note, one ofwhom, Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the greatestof English writers. Chaucer is known as thefather of English poetry that doesn’t mean that there was no poetry or poets in England before him. But before Chaucer; there was no national language; there were merely a number ofregional languages Chaucer used one of there languages. The East Midland- and by the force of him genius raised it to the level of thenational language of England. He was therefore, both the father of English poetry as well as the father of English language. He is the first national poet of England. There were other poets also as- John Gower, William Langland but there poetry is little read andenjoyed today, while Chaucer continues to be as fresh and enjoyable as when he lived and wrote. Chaucer was born in London in 1340.His father was a dealer in wine. At the age ofseventeen he became a servant in the house of John Gaunt, the Duke of Lanchester. In this way he began his connection with the court. He went several times to Europe onediplomatic missions and acquired wide knowledge of man and his life. Though he never got the benefit of any university education, in later life he worked as controller of customs and justice of the peace. He diedin the year 1400. His chief works are - The book of the Duchess; The parliament of Fowls;The house of fame Troilus and Criseyde;Legend of good women; and the Canterburytales.





General Characteristics of the Age:

·         The first significant period in the literary history of English literature.


·         Marks new era of new learning.


·         Chaucer’s age was the turbulent period – social, political, and religious challenges.


·         Chaucer was born in the reign of Edward III, lived through Richard II and died in the reign of Henry IV.


·         Upsurge of national sentiments in the era.


·         Normans invaded England in 1066.


·         The East Midland Speech became the language of the capital city and the universities.


·         French and English amalgamated to form Standard English.


·         In 1362 a statute ordained that English would be the language of law courts.


·         The Papal interference was strongly resented.


·         In 1348-49 the terrible Black Death occurred. One third population of England was carried off.


·         It reappeared in 1362, 1367 and 1370.


·         As the result the labour became scarce.


·          The church which was the seat of power and prestige was infected with corruption, moral turpitude and superstitions.


·         John Wycliffe (1320-84) challenged the authority of Catholic Church and tried to revive spiritual Christianity in England.


·         The Lollard Movement was the first important opposition to Catholicism in England to expose corruption in the Church.


·         Church used to controlled men’s thoughts and feelings and it was the clerics who interfered in temporal affairs of common men.


·         Italy started reviving the study of the literature of classical antiquity. The theological slavery was weakened.


·         The two Italian writers, Petrarch (1304-74) and Boccaccio (1313-75) were the pioneers of the great revival.


·         The spirit of humanism was one of the formative influence of the age of Chaucer, engendered the quickened sense of beauty, the delight in life and the free secular spirit.


·         Root says in this regard, “the movement of Renaissance first assumed definite form, and our modern world began.


                                                                Poetry in Chaucer’s Age


 ‘Amalgam of love, religion and chivalry and humanism and secular spirit’


The Prominent poets of Chaucer’s Age:


1.       Chaucer (1340-1400)


2.       William Langland (1332-1400)


3.       John Gower (1332-1408)


The prose writers of Chaucer’s Age:


1.       John of Trevisa


2.       Travels of Sir John Mandeville


3.       Chaucer


4.       John Wycliffe.



Reference.....

W J.Long s history of English literature.

Hamartia......

what do you know about Hamartia?

Hamartia is a personal error in a protagonist’s personality that brings about his tragic downfall in a tragedy. This defect in a hero’s personality is also known as a “tragic flaw.

Aristotle used the word in his “Poetics” where it is taken as a mistake or error in judgment. The term envelops wrongdoings which may be accidental or deliberate. One of the classic examples of hamartia is where a hero wants to achieve something but, while doing so, he commits an intentional or accidental error and he ends up achieving exactly the opposite with disastrous results. Such a downfall is often marked by a reversal of fortune.

Hamartia and Hubris


A typical example of hamartia in tragedies is “hubris” which is excessive pride and ego in a hero’s character which ultimately brings his tragic downfall in a tragedy. In Greek tragedies, the “hubristic” actions of a hero, in a powerful position, causes his shame and humiliation.

Examples of Hamartia in Literature

Example no.1

Hamlet’s tragic flaw in Shakespeare’s play “Hamlet” determines his tragic downfall. Hamlet’s hamartia is his indecisiveness. He cannot make up his mind about the dilemmas he confronts. He reveals his state of mind in the following lines from Act 3 Scene 1 of the play:


“To be, or not to be–that is the question:

Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles

And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep…”

He wants to kill his father’s murderer “Claudius” but ruined his life by delaying acting as he looks for proof to justify his action. In the process he spoils his relation with his mother and sends “Ophelia” into such a state of depression that she commits suicide. This indecision got almost everyone killed at the end of the play. He killed “Claudius” by assuming fake madness because of his indecisiveness in action so that he will not be asked for any justification.

Example no.2

Among the hamartia examples in literature, one of the best can be found in Marlowe’s “Doctor Faustus”. The tragic flaw of Faustus was his ambitious nature. Despite being a respected scholar, he sold his soul to “Lucifer” by signing a contract with his blood for achieving ultimate power and limitless pleasure in this world. He learns the art of black magic and defies Christianity. We see a tragic conflict where Faustus thinks about repenting but it is all too late. Finally, the devils takes his soul away to Hell and he is suffers eternal damnation because of his over-ambition.

Example no.3

“Victor” in Mary Shelley’s novel “Frankenstein” is another character whose down fall is caused by a tragic error. His “hubris” or extreme pride and arrogance decide his fate in the narrative. He strives to become an unparalleled scientist and creates a “monster” which ultimately becomes the cause of his disaster.

Function of Hamartia

Hamartia imparts the sense of pity and fear in the audience of the readers. The audience or the readers identify with the tragic hero as, like them, his character is a mixture of good and bad qualities. They feel pity for the reversal of fortune that he undergoes. This arouses a feeling of pity in them. Similarly, by witnessing a tragic hero suffer due to his own flaw, the audience or the readers may fear the same fate may befall them if they indulge in similar kinds of action.

Therefore, hamartia may be employed for a moral purpose to encourage people to improve their characters by removing the flaws that can cause a tragedy in their lives

Structuralism and literary Criticism....

.

First of all i would like to say that what is structuralism......

Structuralism is a method of interpretation and analysis of every aspect of human behavior and culture. In literature, we have also the method of Structuralism to interpret the text with various perspectives.Structuralism is related with the structure of the novel, video, serial, etc. But main thing is that we must have to focus on the structure.



Structuralist critics like, Gerard Genette, Ferdinand Saussure, Roland Barthers, Claude Lavi-Strauss contributed the field of structuralism. Ferdinand Saussurs's three terms:


1.Languge


Langue and


Parole



2. Sign = Signifier + Signified ( Signified)



Everything has its own structure, the same applied in literature and in language. In language we found “S+V+O”. Literature follows the same structure as human life, birth, old age and death, in literature we found the same thing but in different way the beginning, the middle/climax and the end or resolution.


They say that word has not meaning at all, the meanings are generated by context, in which it is used.  structuralist believes that we assumes the meaning by convention. Convention depends upon the occurrence of the word, like Hindi words BABAJI KATHULLU, and recently the word MAUKA which are repeatedly used now days.



Frequency:- the dialogue A…villain is repeatedly used in the movie, though it was just spoken only one time by heroin, it gives her remembrance to him..


Duration :- the narrator takes us two years back in past , 


Voice:- narrator is unknown, even he is not character I the story


Mood :- the narrator is compassionate with the pain of hero.



I am trying to see three structures as a structuralist critic:-


1.) Revenge
2.) Detective
3.) Quest

Many movies or literature have the same structure of Revenge tragedy.

For example:-

1.) ‘Eega’ or ‘Makkhi’ (2012) directed by S.S Rajamouliand J.V.V.Sathyanarayana.

Nani loves Bindu but is killed by a jealous Sudeep, who lusts after Bindu. Nani is reincarnated as a fly and decides to avenge his death. He teams up with Bindu to make Sudeep's life a living hell.

                 


he above movies are some examples having the same structure of Revenge only the presentation of the director differs. There are many Bollywood movies have the same structure like ‘Haider’, ‘Zanjeer’, ‘Ghajini’, ‘Karz’ etc.Many  T.V series also have the same structure of detective series. For example:- ‘CID’ and ‘Crime Patrol’.  Structure is same for example murder occurs, detection and murderer found by detective. This structure is same in every episode they just do changes in representing the events. Same structure is also found in many Movies also like ‘Drishyam’.
 In many literary texts also we find the similar structure.

For Example:

‘Doctor Faustus’ by Christopher Marlowe and‘Frankenstein’ by Marry Shelley. In both the text  we see that the central character is in Quest of knowledge which ultimately leads them to their downfall. Same structure is also found in the  Greek mythology of , ‘Icarus’.

Story of Icarus....... 

In Greek mythology, Icarus succeeded in flying, with wings made by his father Daedalus, using feathers secured with bees wax. Ignoring his father's warnings, Icarus chose to fly too close to the sun, melting the wax, and fell into the sea and drowned.


For example, every literary text has a Beginning, Middle (Climax) and End.



Movie like P.K. RANGRASIA, OH MY GOD has a same structure-anti-religion or challenges this ideas. If we take structuralist approach then OMG IS better than PK Structure of both is same



For example T.V. serial CID helps us to understand NARRATOLOGY Structure is same for example murder occurs, detection and murderer found by detective. This structure is same in every episode since 17 years. But they make changes in presenting it
Most of Hindi movies or literature are same For example, boy + girl love is not against it or vice versa family but children do not like each other
We also find binary opposition every where Good-evil, male-female, god-Satan, white-black
This and other common items are found everywhere This is the few examples.


Here is the poems which we refer two in today's lecture ...

First poem is

Fire and Ice


BY ROBERT FROST


Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice,
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.

Second is ....


My love is like to ice, and I to fire:
How comes it then that this her cold so great
Is not dissolved through my so hot desire,
But harder grows the more I her entreat?
Or how comes it that my exceeding heat
Is not allayed by her heart-frozen cold,
But that I burn much more in boiling sweat,
And feel my flames augmented manifold?
What more miraculous thing may be told,
That fire, which all things melts, should harden ice,
And ice, which is congeal'd with senseless cold,
Should kindle fire by wonderful device?
Such is the power of love in gentle mind,
That it can alter all the course of kind.

Edmund Spenser

 

In poem first ....Desire and hate, believed by some to be the two largest faults of the human race. Robert Frost explains these two ideas in only nine lines. “Fire and Ice” is a perfect example of juxtaposition between fire and ice, or, desire and hate. Both are believed to destroy a person if they succumb to its hold.In Robert Frost’s Fire and Ice, Robert Frost uses symbolism, rhyming, enjambment, and line length to illustrate his thoughts concerning the dominance of desire versus hate.

Frost utilizes symbols within each line to convey his musing on the opposing ideas of desire versus hate. Desire is symbolized by fire whereas hate is symbolized by ice.



Second one is shows the possibilities between fire and ice. Poem represents the desire and hate. We can also see the paradox between the fire and ice, and the for destruction both are the sufficient.


So ,here is my ans .....


Thanks for visite ....